CONTENTS Chapter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOREWORD 1. NATO DURING THE COLD WAR The 'Rollback' programme: 'Containment' and Nato; Differing Assessments of 'the Soviet Threat'; Nuclear miscalculations 2. AMERICA'S WARS Covert operations: Afghanistan, Iran, Guatemala, Chile, Venezuala, Congo, Indonesia, Britain; the 'Generals' Plot'. One-off bombings. The small wars; Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, Grenada, Iraq-Iran, Somalia. The big wars: Korea, Vietnam, The Khmer Rouge, The Gulf War, Depleted Uranium. America's wars and covert operations 1945-98. The historic characteristics of US foreign policy. 'Messianism'. Standing up to Hitler? The 'Betrayal Syndrome'. Has the USA learned from Vietnam? Table 1: War Deaths 3. THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET BLOC AND NATO ENLARGEMENT Kennan's arguments against enlargement. The Grand Chessboard. Europe's response. Why no new thinking on European security? The Thatcher Government. The Left in Britain and Germany. Old and New Labour. The Liberal Democrats. Defence debates in the Federal Republic of Germany. Questionable history. The case for European independence 4. NATO AND THE BREAK-UP OF YUGOSLAVIA The religious divide. Kosovo. Bosnia. The World Wars. Communist rule and breakdown. Croatian Secession. Consociational Democracy. EC Policy on Yugoslavia. The Bosnian War. 'Lift and Strike'. The Vance-Owen Plan. UNPROFOR General Powell v. Mrs Albright. Peace enforcement? Pro & con TJNPROFOR. The Nato hawks. Operation Rescue. The return to war and the peace settlement. Srebrenica. Krajina. The Nato bombing campaign. Dayton. Refugees and casualties. The bombing reconsidered. Six questions. Saved by the US cavalry? New and Old Wars 5. REPORTING THE BOSNIAN WAR 6. KOSOVO Major Events before the Nato Air War on Yugoslavia. The end of autonomy. The KLA. Nato's preparations for war. 'Air strikes'. The ceasefire and the KVM. Racak. The situation in Jan.-March 1999. Rambouillet. Military tactics. Nato's war aims. Phase 3/2a. The expulsions. The TV war. The killing of Kosovars during the bombing. War options. The peace agreement. The Pristina airport incident. The aftermath. Depleted uranium. The material cost. The House of Commons Defence Committee report. 'Our great mistake in the Balkans'. Eight questions. 7. MORAL CALLS TO ARMS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS The 'Just War'. Francisco de Vitoria’s view of war. J. S. Mill on military intervention. ‘Complicity’. National interests and morality. Genocide. Are liberals more warlike than conservatives? Varieties of liberalism. Kennedy’s ‘new politics’. Economic liberalism. A Manifesto for the Fast World. The need for ‘liberalism plus’. Conclusions 8. 'HUMANITARIAN WAR' IN PRACTICE The history of 'humanitarian war'. 'Humanitarian war' since 1945. Why is 'humanitarian war' rarely humanitarian? Gesture politics? Rwanda. The Carnegie Commission Report. Sierra Leone. 'Coercive bombing'. Conclusions 9. THE 'WAR ON TERROR' 10. ALTERNATIVE FUTURES Power-based futures. The Bush Administration. Law-based futures. Why do European states wish to be US vassals? From ally to vassal. Should Europe grow up? European defence after Nato. The Emperor's new clothes APPENDICES 1. Intelligence agencies and the USA; the Kiwi and British experience 2. Wider Peacekeeping 3. The KVM REFERENCES AND NOTES INDEX